Mining Scientific Technological Development in China

Gold Potential Assessment in the South of India

Gold Potential Assessment in the South of India

In the 80km long Kolar Schist belt, the northen 40km long belt is practically devoid of any gold deposit. The southern 40km long belt is really a treasure house of gold(Used Stone Crusher).

The southern Kolar schist belt can be divided into the following four major blocks :
1) The Kolar Gold Field block, district Kolar, Karnataka.
2) The Bisanatham Block
3) MalIappa konda Block (2,3,4 District Chittore, Andarapradesh
4) Chlgarlgunta block

The block wise gold potential in various lodes and blocks is summaries below

The Kolar Gold field block:
This is 10km long, (N-S), 3km wide (E-W) block in which. 16 gold quartz lodes have been. Identified, out of which the following 8 lodes are economically significant.

(1) The Champion lode.
(2) Mundy’s lode
(3) Mctaggart’s East lode
(4) Mctaggart’s West lode
(5) Oriental lode
(6) New quartz lode E
(7) New quartz lode F
(8) West prospect shaft lode
(9) Mill tailllings

In Chittore district Andarapradesh
1. Bisnatham deposit
(a) Bisnatham East lode
(b) Bisnatham West lode
2. Mallapakonda deposit
3 Chigarigunta deposit

Gold Potential Assessment in the South of India

Remarks

1. Champion lode:- This lode has been exploited from 1884 to 2001 over 10kms long upto a maximum depth of 3.2km . Another 5 millions tonnes of ore (10%) may be still available but this is mostly located in inaccessible areas which(Ore Processing Equipment). Are mostly submerged in water upto 3km depth.
2. Mundy’s lode:- This is not actually a quartz lode but is a Komatiite rock in Which fine partica1s of gold are disseminated eratically over the ,entire rock width of more than 25m. Gold values range from 0.2 to 4.0glt this lode has been tested in Oorgaum and Champion reef mines.
3. Oriental lode:- This lode is about 600mts west of Champion lode. It is a sulphidic ore body which as been selectively mined from 1948 – 2001. Nearly 50% of ore reserves are still available for further exploitation
4. Mill taillings:- During 1884 and 2001 the Gold mining companies in Kolar Gold mining exploited the Champion lode and oriental lode over a length of 10.000mts and to a maximum depth of 3kms. During this period about 50 million tonnes of ore has been mined to recover 800 tonnes of gold. As a result about 37 million tonees of milltaillings have been produced which are scattered over ten locations in KGF. These’ tailings contain about 0.7gram of gold per tonnen. By carbon in pulp (CIP) technology. We can recover 0 .6grams of gold economically.
5. Bisnatham East lodes:- This lode has been developed upto 300m depth. This is ideal deposit for under ground mining.
6. Mallapakonda lode:- This is a banded iron formation which has been folded and constitute a small hillock. This deposit can be worked open pit mining(Used Stone Crusher For Sale).
7. Chigarigunta lodes; this deposit consist of 6 sub parallel quartz lodes which have been explored and exploited by GSl, MECL and BGML. This deposit is 3000m long and 1000m wide and 300m deep this deposit can be developed into a “super pit” which can become the biggest open pit gold mine in India.

Special Remarks

This paper briefly dwells on the feasibility of exploiting the gold potential in the lease hold area of BGML by a joint venture in collaborations with BGML employees.

Gold Process Mineralogy from Gold Exploratory

Gold Process Mineralogy from Gold Exploratory

Gold continues to enjoy the reputation of being one of the most sought-after metals(Used Stone Crusher). As the demand for gold has increased many folds, its search, using modern exploration, mining techniques, understanding the gold mineralogy and significance in gold metallurgy has also intensified.

The 450 km long Chitradurga Schist belt extends from Gadag in the north to Srirangapatnam in the south with a NNW–SSE trend and undergone greenschist to amphibolite facies metamorphism. The Chitradurga Super group is made up of the Vanivilas, Ingaldhal and Hiriyur formations, in ascending stratigraphic order. The Ingaldhal Formation is made up of basic, intermediate acid lavas, pyroclastics, associated MSOBIF and Fe rich shales.

The ~1.2 km long and ~ 250 m wide C. S. Halli hill range constitutes the lithology of MSOBIF and Fe rich shales, overlies carbonated schistose and massive metabasic volcanics. In stratigraphic succession, they represent the Ingaldhal Formation that is an integral part of the Chitradurga Schist belt. The general strike trend of the above lithological sequence in the C. S. Halli area varies from N–S to N 340° with vertical to steep easterly dips (in the northern parts) to 70–75° westerly dips (central portions). In relatively less deformed portions, the average width of the banded  iron formations (BIFs) and the Fe-shales is 5 and 12 m.

Gold Process Mineralogy from Gold Exploratory

In Ajjanahalli gold mineralization is localized to sheared sulphidic facies BIF of 10–30 m width and extends up to nearly 35 km in length(Ore Processing Equipment). The BIF strikes NNW–SSE and dips 50–70°E. The quartz veinlets traverse the BIF measuring 2 cm to 1 m in width and varying up to 10–70 m length. The BIF shows profuse emplacement of quartz carbonate veins, with wall-rock alteration (sercitization, chloritization, pyritization) and gold mineralization. Petrography studies show that BIFs are medium grained comprising alternate bands of recrystallized chert, iron oxides and sulphide- bearing bands with refractory gold (gold locked in sulphides).

Based on the mode of occurrence of gold at C.S.Halli and Ajjanahalli, gold is classified into three categories: microscopic, submicroscopic and surface-bound gold. Microscopic or visible gold, refers to gold minerals in which gold occurs in a substantial amount, such as native gold and electrum. Submicroscopic gold, i.e. invisible gold, or Refractory gold refers to gold contained in the structure of other minerals (mainly sulfides) in minor to trace amounts. Surface gold is the gold that was adsorbed onto the surface of other minerals during mineralisation and subsequent oxidation or metallurgical processing.

Understanding the Gold mineralogy has a significant impact on its extractive metallurgy. Gold process mineralogy helps to address problems related to gold ore processing. It is widely used as a predictive and troubleshooting tool in gold ore processing, and provides useful information on process selection(Used Stone Crusher For Sale), flow sheet development, recovery improvement and reagent consumption optimisation.

This paper will present results on gold mineralogy and how it impacts extractive metallurgy from studies carried out in Chitradurga Schist Belt, Western Dharwar Craton.

Pollution Control System in Underground Gold Mine

Pollution Control System in Underground Gold Mine

Mining and associated activities inevitably give rise to substantial environmental and social impacts. Management of these impacts in a responsible manner is a big challenge to the mining industry(Used Stone Crusher). Mining industry on the other hand, has been trying to contribute in a responsible way while adopting environmental friendly practices besides meeting the challenge of societal development. Adoption of Pollution Control Management System is always a win-win situation as these are not only regulate the pollution but also results in considerable profitability coupled with established social credibility. The Pollution Control Management System ( PCMS) includes a set of standardized practices and/or technologies typically applied to control an actual or potential adverse impact when and where it initially occurs .PCMS are utilized in the prevention, reduction, or control of an adverse impact(s) before it becomes necessary to address the impact through disposal, treatment, or remediation options.  Pollution Control Management System-  includes Domestic Effluent Treatment Plant, Workshop Effluent Treatment Plant, Mine Water Discharge Sedimentation Plant, Dust Suppression Majors, afforestation, and Pollution Monitoring.

Pollution Control System in Underground Gold Mine

The Hutti Gold Mines (HGML), presently is only one mining company (after the closure of BGML, Kolar) in the country which is producing primary gold(Ore Processing Equipment). Environment management is accorded highest priority in The Hutti Gold Mines Co Ltd.  Environment education is considered as an important means in pursuit of for better healthy life.

In addition to this, key officers are sent outside for training every year by reputed institutes.  General environment of the Hutti Gold Mines is good & clear with full of trees in the colony as well as in the mining area, along with these HGML has Adopted other environment friendly technologies and environment system:

1. Tailing thickener was installed to reclaim the water from final discharge and same water is being reused for the process.
2. Bag filter was installed at Assay office furnaces & Refinery section furnaces.
3. New cyanide detoxification system adopted.
4. VFD‘s are adopted for reducing power consumption.
5. Increased the efficiency of final tailings classification system by adopting new cyclone classification.

The negative impact of mining on health, land, water, air, plants and animals, and other aspects of society can be reduced by careful planning and implementation of best pollution management practices in mining. Adoption of Pollution Control management System in mining(Used Stone Crusher For Sale), established lots of profitability  besides bringing in social and environmental credibility.

Mining Sector Investment and Challenges in India

Mining Sector Investment and Challenges in India

Challenges in the Mining Sector
One of the major hurdles in investment in the mining sector is the delay in approval due to bureaucratic delays(Used Stone Crusher), discretionary interpretation and need of numerous approvals and agencies at Central and State Government level. At times  this process takes 3-7 years for approvals and clearances which is much higher than other countries (e.g. 1.5 years in Australia).

Again infrastructural impediments like, high railway freight, inadequate availability of rail wagon capacity and inadequate power evacuation infrastru cture also creates impediments to investment.

Mining Sector Investment and Challenges in India

The Opportunities
India has an estimated 85 billion tonn es of mineral reserves remaining to be exploited. Besides coal, oil and gas reserves, the mineral inventory in India includes 13,000 deposits/ prospects of 61 non-fuel minerals. Expenditure outlay on mining is  a meagre sum when compared to other competing emerging mining markets and the investment gap is  most likely to be covered by the private sector. India welcomes joint ventures between foreign an d domestic partners to mobilise finances and technology and secure access to global markets.

Potential areas for exploration ventures include gold, diamond, copper, lead, zinc, nickel, cobalt, molybdenum, lithium, tin, tungsten, silver, platinum group of metals and other rare metals,chromite and manganese ore(Ore Processing Equipment), and fertiliser minerals.

The main opportunities in the mining sector (excluding coal and industrial minerals) are in the development and production of surplus commodities  such as iron ore and bauxite, mica, potash, few low-grade ores, mining of small gold deposits, de velopment of placer gold resources located on the frontal belt of the Himalayas, mining known de posits of economic and marginal categories such as base metals in Bihar and Rajasthan and exploitation of laterite for nickels in Orissa, molybdenum in Tamil Nadu and tin in Haryana.

Considerable potential exists for setting up manufacturing units for value added products(Used Stone Crusher For Sale). There exists considerable opportunities for future discov eries of sub-surface deposits with the application of modern techniques.